Domestic violence patterns in postpartum women who delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To longitudinally assess domestic violence (DV) during the postpartum period, identifying types, patterns and determinants of DV, according to mothers' reports in Fortaleza, Brazil. METHODS: Data from the Iracema-COVID cohort study interviewed at home mothers who gave birth in the first wave of COVID-19, at 18 and 24 months after birth. Patterns of reported DV were classified as follows: no DV, interrupted DV, started DV and persistent DV. Adjusted multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with persistent DV. RESULTS: DV was reported by 19 and 24% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months postpartum, respectively, a 5 percentage points increase. Persistent DV was present in 11% of the households in the period. The most frequent forms of DV were verbal aggression, reported by 17-20% of the mothers at 18 and 24 months, respectively; drunkenness or use of drugs at home, present in 3-5% of the households; physical aggression, reported by 1.2-1.6% of the mothers. Households with two or more forms of DV increased from 2 to 12% in the period. Adjusted factors associated with persistent DV were maternal common mental disorder, family headed by the mother and head of family's poor schooling. Food insecurity was associated with starting DV. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of DV was considerably high in the postpartum period. DV prevention policies should rely on improving care to women's mental health; preventing food insecurity; and fostering the educational level of young people of both sexes.

Coverage and determinants of childhood vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil: a longitudinal analysis.

Brazil has seen a decrease in vaccination coverage since 2016. This study analyzes the immunization status of children born during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. This is a longitudinal analysis that included vaccination data of 313 children aged 12 and 18 months. Vaccination cards were checked for dose application considering the schedule of immunization recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Factors associated with no retention of vaccination cards and incomplete immunization by 18 months were identified by Tobit regression analysis. About 73% of mothers presented their child's vaccination card. Non-availability of vaccination cards was associated with maternal age < 25 years and mothers with paid jobs. Only 33% and 45% of the children aged 12 and 18 months had all vaccines up to date, respectively. For 3-dose vaccines, the delay rate was around 10% for the first dose application, but 40% for the third dose. Despite delays, most children with available vaccine cards had coverage above 90% by 18 months of age. Adjusted factors associated with incomplete vaccination included living in a household with more than one child (p = 0.010) and monthly income of less than one minimum wage (p = 0.006). Therefore, delays in child vaccine application were high during the COVID-19 pandemic but a considerable uptake by 18 months of age was found. Poorer families with more than one child were particularly at risk of not fully immunizing their children and should be the target of public policies.

Coverage and determinants of childhood vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil: a longitudinal analysis / Cobertura e determinantes da vacinação infantil durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em Fortaleza, Nordeste do Brasil: uma análise longitudinal / Cobertura y determinantes de la vacunación infantil durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Fortaleza, Nordeste de Brasil: un análisis longitudinal

Abstract: Brazil has seen a decrease in vaccination coverage since 2016. This study analyzes the immunization status of children born during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. This is a longitudinal analysis that included vaccination data of 313 children aged 12 and 18 months. Vaccination cards were checked for dose application considering the schedule of immunization recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Factors associated with no retention of vaccination cards and incomplete immunization by 18 months were identified by Tobit regression analysis. About 73% of mothers presented their child's vaccination card. Non-availability of vaccination cards was associated with maternal age < 25 years and mothers with paid jobs. Only 33% and 45% of the children aged 12 and 18 months had all vaccines up to date, respectively. For 3-dose vaccines, the delay rate was around 10% for the first dose application, but 40% for the third dose. Despite delays, most children with available vaccine cards had coverage above 90% by 18 months of age. Adjusted factors associated with incomplete vaccination included living in a household with more than one child (p = 0.010) and monthly income of less than one minimum wage (p = 0.006). Therefore, delays in child vaccine application were high during the COVID-19 pandemic but a considerable uptake by 18 months of age was found. Poorer families with more than one child were particularly at risk of not fully immunizing their children and should be the target of public policies.

Resumo: O Brasil registra uma diminuição na cobertura vacinal desde 2016. Este estudo analisa a situação vacinal de crianças nascidas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em Fortaleza, Nordeste do Brasil. Uma análise longitudinal incluiu 313 crianças com informações aos 12 e 18 meses de idade. A aplicação das doses foram conferidas com base nos cartões de vacinação, considerando o calendário de imunização recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Fatores associados à não retenção do cartão de vacinação e imunização incompleta aos 18 meses foram identificados por meio da regressão de Tobit. Cerca de 73% das mães apresentaram o cartão de vacinação do filho. A não apresentação do cartão de vacinação associou-se à idade materna < 25 anos e à participação materna em emprego remunerado. Apenas 33% e 45% das crianças tinham todas as vacinas em dia aos 12 meses e 18 meses, respectivamente. Para as vacinas com 3 doses, a taxa de atraso foi de cerca de 10% para a aplicação da 1ª dose, mas de 40% para a 3ª dose. Apesar dos atrasos, a maioria das crianças com cartão de vacinação disponível tinha cobertura acima de 90% até os 18 meses de idade. Os fatores ajustados associados à vacinação incompleta foram residir em domicílio com mais de um filho (p = 0,010) e renda mensal inferior a 1 salário mínimo (p = 0,006). Em conclusão, os atrasos na aplicação da vacina infantil foram altos durante a pandemia de COVID-19, mas houve uma adesão considerável até os 18 meses de idade. As famílias mais pobres, com mais de um filho, correm o risco de não imunizar totalmente seus filhos e devem ser alvo de políticas públicas.

Resumen: Brasil ha experimentado una disminución en la cobertura vacunal desde el 2016. Este estudio analiza la situación vacunal de los niños nacidos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Fortaleza, Nordeste de Brasil. Un análisis longitudinal incluyó a 313 niños con información a los 12 y 18 meses de edad. Se revisaron los carnés de vacunación para aplicar la dosis considerando el calendario de inmunización recomendado por el Ministerio de Salud. Los factores asociados con la no retención del carné de vacunación y la inmunización incompleta a los 18 meses se identificaron mediante la regresión de Tobit. Alrededor del 73% de las madres presentaron el carné de vacunación de sus hijos. La no disponibilidad del carné de vacunación se asoció con la edad materna < 25 años y la participación materna en actividad remunerada. Solo el 33% y el 45% de los niños estaban al día con todas sus vacunas a los 12 meses y 18 meses, respectivamente. Para las vacunas de 3 dosis, la tasa de retraso fue de alrededor del 10% para la 1ª dosis, pero del 40% para la 3ª dosis. A pesar de los retrasos, la mayoría de los niños con el carné de vacunación disponible tenía una cobertura superior al 90% hasta los 18 meses de edad. Los factores ajustados asociados con la vacunación incompleta fueron vivir en un hogar con más de un hijo (p = 0,010) e ingreso mensual inferior a 1 salario mínimo (p = 0,006). En definitiva, los retrasos en la administración de la vacuna infantil fueron altos durante la pandemia de COVID-19, pero hubo una adhesión considerable hasta los 18 meses de edad. Las familias más pobres, con más de un hijo, corren el riesgo de no inmunizar completamente a sus hijos y deberían ser objeto de políticas públicas.

Primary Health Care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fortaleza, Brazil: associated factors and pattern of use by mothers and children up to 18 months of age.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the delay or failure to seek primary health care by the mother-child dyads during the COVID-19 pandemic, a practice that has a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Data from three survey rounds of the Iracema-COVID cohort study, collected 6, 12, and 18 months after birth, showed the patterns of postpartum attendance to primary health care consultation of the mother-child dyad. Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regressions with robust variance were used to assess factors associated with nonattendance. RESULTS: Among the 314 cohort mothers, 25% did not attend any primary health care consultation during the 18-months postpartum, while 30% of the mothers did all three. Regarding the child, 75% had regular primary health care consultations in all three survey rounds, while 4% did not attend any in their first 18 months of life. By the end of the first COVID-19 wave, the proportion of mother and child who attended the consultations had fallen by 23 and 18%, respectively. The main factors associated with nonattendance were mothers aged below 25 years, and mothers with more than one child. CONCLUSION: An important delay or nonattendance to primary health care consultation by the mother-child dyad was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such practice, with a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality, was particularly frequent among younger mothers and those with more than one child.

Primary Health Care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Fortaleza, Brazil: associated factors and pattern of use by mothers and children up to 18 months of age / Atenção Primária à Saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em Fortaleza, Brasil: fatores associados e padrão de uso por mães e crianças de até 18 meses de idade

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the delay or failure to seek primary health care by the mother-child dyads during the COVID-19 pandemic, a practice that has a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data from three survey rounds of the Iracema-COVID cohort study, collected 6, 12, and 18 months after birth, showed the patterns of postpartum attendance to primary health care consultation of the mother-child dyad. Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regressions with robust variance were used to assess factors associated with nonattendance. Results: Among the 314 cohort mothers, 25% did not attend any primary health care consultation during the 18-months postpartum, while 30% of the mothers did all three. Regarding the child, 75% had regular primary health care consultations in all three survey rounds, while 4% did not attend any in their first 18 months of life. By the end of the first COVID-19 wave, the proportion of mother and child who attended the consultations had fallen by 23 and 18%, respectively. The main factors associated with nonattendance were mothers aged below 25 years, and mothers with more than one child. Conclusion: An important delay or nonattendance to primary health care consultation by the mother-child dyad was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such practice, with a high potential to increase maternal and child morbidity and mortality, was particularly frequent among younger mothers and those with more than one child.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o retardo ou a não procura por atenção primária à saúde por parte do bionômio mãe-filho durante a pandemia de COVID-19, uma prática que apresenta elevado potencial de aumentar a morbimortalidade materno-infantil. Métodos: Dados de três levantamentos do estudo longitudinal Iracema-COVID, realizados aos seis, 12 e 18 meses após o parto, identificaram padrões de procura por consultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) por parte do binômio mãe-filho. A regressão multinomial bruta e adjustada com variância robusta foi utilizada para avaliar os fatores associados com a não procura. Resultados: Entre as 314 mães da coorte, 25% não realizaram nenhuma consulta na APS durante o período de 18 meses pós-parto, enquanto 30% das mães o fizeram nos três contatos do seguimento. Com relação à consulta da criança, 75% realizaram consultas de APS nos três momentos, ao passo que 4% não realizaram nenhuma consulta em seus primeiros 18 meses de vida. Ao fim da primeira onda de COVID-19, a proporção de consultas na APS de mães e crianças caiu 23 e 18%, respectivamente. Os principais fatores associados à não procura por APS foram mães com idade abaixo de 25 anos e mães com mais de um filho. Conclusão: Houve importante retardo ou não procura por APS pelo bionômio mãe-filho durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Essa prática, com elevado potencial de aumentar a morbimortalidade materno-infantil, foi mais frequente entre mães mais jovens e com mais de um filho.